01 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology
1.2 Safety and Rules in a Biology Laboratory
1.2.1 Methods for Managing Biological Waste
1.2.2 Accidents in the Laboratory
1.3 Communicating in Biology
1.3.1 Biological Drawings
1.4 Scientific Investigation in Biology
02 Cell Biology and Organisation
2.1 Cell Structure and Function
2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms
2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular Organisms
2.3.1 Cell Organisation in Humans
2.3.2 Tissue Organisation in Plants
2.3.3 Density of Certain Cell Components and Specialised Cell Functions
2.4 Levels of Organisation in Multicellular Organisms
03 Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane
3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane
3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane
3.2.1 Passive Transport (Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion)
3.2.2 Active Transport
3.3 Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms
3.3.1 Examples of Active Transport in Organism
3.3.2 Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic Solutions
3.4 Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane and its Application in Daily Life
04 Chemical Compositions in a Cell
4.1 Water
4.2 Carbohydrates
4.2.1 Formation and Breakdown of Carbohydrates
4.3 Proteins
4.4 Lipids
4.5 Nucleic Acids
05 Metabolism and Enzymes
5.1 Metabolism
5.2 Enzymes
5.2.1 Synthesis of Enzyme in Cell
5.2.2 Mechanism of Enzyme Action
5.3 Application of Enzymes in Daily Life
06 Cell Division
6.1 Cell Division
6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis
6.2.1 The Necessity of Mitosis for Living Organism
6.3 Meiosis
6.3.1 The Necessity of Meiosis for in Life
6.4 Issues of Cell Division on Human Health
07 Cellular Respiration
7.1 Energy Production through Cellular Respiration
7.2 Aerobic Respiration
7.3 Fermentation
7.3.1 Fermentation in Human Muscle
7.3.2 Fermentation in Lactobacillus
7.3.3 Fermentation in Paddy Plants
08 Respiratory Systems in Humans and Animals
8.1 Types of Respiratory System
8.1.1 Comparison of Human and Animal Respiratory Structures
8.2 Mechanisms of Breathing
8.3 Gaseous Exchange in Humans
8.4 Health Issues Related to the Human Respiratory System
09 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System
9.1 Digestive System
9.2 Digestion
9.2.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Mouth
9.2.2 Digestion of Protein in the Stomach
9.2.3 Digestion in the Small Intestine
9.3 Absorption
9.4 Assimilation
9.5 Defaecation
9.6 Balanced Diet
9.7 Health Issues Related to the Digestive System and Eating Habits
10 Transport in Humans and Animals
10.1 Types of Circulatory System
10.1.1 Circulatory System in Insects
10.1.2 Circulatory System in Fish
10.1.3 Circulatory System in Amphibians
10.1.4 Circulatory System in Human
10.2 Circulatory System of Humans
10.2.1 Blood Vessels
10.2.2 Human Heart
10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat
10.4 Mechanism of Blood Clotting
10.5 Blood Groups of Humans
10.6 Health Issues Related to the Human Circulatory System
10.6.1 Caring for the Health of the Cardiovascular System
10.7 Lymphatic System of Humans
10.8 Health Issues Related to the Human Lymphatic System
11 Immunity in Humans
11.1 Body Defence
11.2 Actions of Antibodies
11.3 Types of Immunity
11.4 Health Issues Related to Immunity
12 Coordination and Response in Humans
12.1 Coordination and Response
12.2 Nervous System
12.3 Neurones and Synapse
12.4 Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
12.5 Health Issues Related to the Nervous System
12.6 The Endocrine System
12.7 Health Issues Related to the Endocrine System
13 Homeostasis and the Human Urinary System
13.1 Homeostasis
13.1.1 Regulating Body Temperature
13.1.2 Regulation of Blood Sugar Levels
13.1.3 Regulation of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
13.1.4 Blood Pressure Regulation Mechanism
13.2 The Urinary System
13.2.1 Formation of Urine
13.2.2 The Osmoregulation Process
13.3 Health Issues Related to the Urinary System
14 Support and Movement in Humans and Animals
14.1 Types of Skeleton
14.2 Musculoskeletal System of Humans
14.2.1 Human Vertebral Column
14.2.2 Types of Joints in the Human Skeletal System
14.3 Movement and Locomotion
14.3.1 Locomotion in Earthworm
14.3.2 Locomotion in Grasshopper
14.3.3 Locomotion in Fish
14.3.4 Locomotion in Bird
14.4 Health Issues Related to the Human Musculoskeletal System
15 Sexual Reproduction, Development and Growth in Humans and Animals
15.1 Reproductive System of Humans
15.1.1 The Male Reproductive System
15.1.2 The Female Reproductive System
15.2 Gametogenesis in Humans
15.3 Menstrual Cycle
15.4 Development of Human Foetus
15.5 Formation of Twins
15.6 Health Issues Related to the Human Reproductive System
15.7 Growth in Humans and Animals
